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its design features

  • 1 конструктивные характеристики

    Even a third part of the energy of the moving reentry compartment was enough to evaporate the structure, regardless of its design features…

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > конструктивные характеристики

  • 2 независимо от

    [ант. в зависимости от]
    Even a third part of the energy of the moving reentry compartment was enough to evaporate the structure, regardless of its design features…

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > независимо от

  • 3 характеристики

    [см. аэродинамические характеристики; динамические характеристики; другие характеристики … -; конструктивные характеристики; по весовым характеристикам; технические требования к характеристикам; син. параметры; показатели; свойства]
    The low-frequency vibration can be eliminated by changing the dynamic characteristics of the propellant feed system…
    The mission of the automatic lunar station is to explore the physical conditions on the Moon and the properties of the lunar surface.
    Even a third part of the energy of the moving reentry compartment was enough to evaporate the structure, regardless of its design features, if it is not supplied with heat protection.

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > характеристики

  • 4 entrecortado

    adj.
    discontinuous, faltering, broken.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: entrecortar.
    * * *
    1→ link=entrecortar entrecortar
    1 (voz) faltering, hesitant; (respiración) laboured (US labored), difficult
    2 (intermitente) intermittent
    * * *
    ADJ [respiración] laboured, labored (EEUU), difficult; [habla] faltering, hesitant

    con la voz entrecortada — in a faltering voice, in a voice choked with emotion

    * * *
    - da adjetivo < respiración> difficult, labored*
    * * *
    = faltering, bursty, choppy, clipped, jumpy [jumpier -comp., jumpiest -sup.], breathless, jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].
    Ex. In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.
    Ex. Its design provides on one hand a service in which every node can try to transmit asynchronously in a bursty manner.
    Ex. You will find that the choppy keyboard response is easier to tolerate after a few days of use.
    Ex. Length is also a function of style and most abstracts, though avoiding clipped telegraphese, have certain stylistic features which help to keep wordage to a minimum.
    Ex. This film adaptation is scrappily made and jumpy, and there is nothing here that evokes either the joy of the moment or the death of the soul.
    Ex. The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.
    Ex. By whipping these tails back and forth the organism can swim about in a brisk, if rather jerky, fashion.
    ----
    * con voz entrecortada = hesitantly, falteringly, haltingly, jerkily.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < respiración> difficult, labored*
    * * *
    = faltering, bursty, choppy, clipped, jumpy [jumpier -comp., jumpiest -sup.], breathless, jerky [jerkier -comp., jerkiest -sup.].

    Ex: In hindsight, it is easy to see a trajectory of inevitability that made MARC, the ISBDs, and AACR2 seem more the result of historical forces than the often faltering and separate steps they were in truth.

    Ex: Its design provides on one hand a service in which every node can try to transmit asynchronously in a bursty manner.
    Ex: You will find that the choppy keyboard response is easier to tolerate after a few days of use.
    Ex: Length is also a function of style and most abstracts, though avoiding clipped telegraphese, have certain stylistic features which help to keep wordage to a minimum.
    Ex: This film adaptation is scrappily made and jumpy, and there is nothing here that evokes either the joy of the moment or the death of the soul.
    Ex: The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.
    Ex: By whipping these tails back and forth the organism can swim about in a brisk, if rather jerky, fashion.
    * con voz entrecortada = hesitantly, falteringly, haltingly, jerkily.

    * * *
    ‹respiración› difficult, labored*
    con la voz entrecortada in a voice choked with emotion
    a través de la pared oyó su llanto entrecortado he could hear her choking sobs through the wall
    * * *

    entrecortado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ respiración› difficult, labored( conjugate labored);

    con la voz entrecortada por la emoción in a voice choked with emotion
    entrecortado,-a adj (voz) faltering

    ' entrecortado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    entrecortada
    English:
    broken
    - gasp
    - jerky
    * * *
    entrecortado, -a adj
    [voz, habla] faltering; [respiración] laboured; [señal, sonido, comunicación] intermittent;
    se oía su llanto entrecortado you could hear her choking sobs
    * * *
    adj respiración difficult, labored; habla halting;
    con la voz entrecortada por lágrimas in a voice choked with tears
    * * *
    entrecortado, -da adj
    1) : labored, difficult
    respiración entrecortada: shortness of breath
    2) : faltering, hesitant
    con la voz entrecortada: with a catch in his voice

    Spanish-English dictionary > entrecortado

  • 5 obstaculizar

    v.
    1 to hinder, to hamper.
    2 to obstruct, to encumber, to balk, to block up.
    Su tamaño obstaculiza la vista His size obstructs the view.
    3 to obstruct the way to, to make it cumbersome to.
    María obstaculiza hacer la pared Mary makes it cumbersome to make the wall.
    4 to create an obstacle for, to obstruct.
    María obstaculiza a Ricardo Mary creates an obstacle for Richard.
    * * *
    1 to obstruct, hinder
    * * *
    VT [+ negociaciones, progreso] to hinder, hamper; [+ tráfico] to hold up
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up
    * * *
    = encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.
    Ex. It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.
    Ex. Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.
    Ex. The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.
    Ex. In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.
    Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex. It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.
    Ex. But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.
    Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex. At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    ----
    * no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.
    * sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <progreso/trabajo> to hinder, hamper; < tráfico> to hold up
    * * *
    = encumber, hamper, handicap, hinder, thwart, stand in + the way (of), obstruct, stymie, get in + the way (of), hem + Nombre + in, cramp.

    Ex: It is extremely difficult for SLIS to compete with other interests which are less encumbered on equal terms.

    Ex: Unfortunately, the inclusion of abstracts in most services tends to hamper currency.
    Ex: The database may, as a result of its parentage, be handicapped by features that are not suited to computerized retrieval.
    Ex: In practice the application of recall and precision in the evaluation of indexes is hindered by the difficulty of evaluating some of the components in the definition.
    Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex: It may be objected that a direct experience of the country by visiting it does not ensure a true picture, in fact that it may even stand in the way.
    Ex: But the present revision, incorporating ISBD, will literally clutter the entries with obtrusive redundancies and esoterics that will only obscure the content of the entries and obstruct the use of the catalog.
    Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex: At the end of the day, librarians must 'produce the goods' and prove their worth -- professionalism could get in the way.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    * no obstaculizar = be out of the way of.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * obstaculizar la labor judicial = pervert + the course of justice.
    * sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

    * * *
    vt
    ‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper, impede; ‹tráfico› to hold up, obstruct
    no obstaculice el paso don't stand in the way
    * * *

    obstaculizar ( conjugate obstaculizar) verbo transitivo ‹progreso/trabajo› to hinder, hamper;
    ‹ tráfico› to hold up;

    obstaculizar verbo transitivo
    1 (un propósito, actividad) to hinder
    2 (el paso de una persona, animal, etc) to stand in the way of
    (de un fluido) to obstruct

    ' obstaculizar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estorbar
    - interferir
    English:
    block
    - block in
    - hamper
    - obstruct
    * * *
    [proceso, relación] to block, to put obstacles in the way of; [salida] to block, to obstruct; [tráfico] to hold up, to obstruct;
    obstaculizar el paso to block the way
    * * *
    v/t hinder, hamper
    * * *
    obstaculizar {21} vt
    impedir: to obstruct, to hinder
    * * *
    obstaculizar vb to block

    Spanish-English dictionary > obstaculizar

  • 6 notable

    adj.
    1 remarkable, outstanding.
    2 notable, striking, famous, appreciable.
    f.
    good mark.
    m.
    1 (pass with) credit (education).
    2 notable, distinguished person (person).
    * * *
    1 (apreciable) noticeable; (considerable, marcado) considerable, remarkable
    2 (digno de mención) noteworthy, notable
    3 (ilustre) well-known
    1 (persona) dignitary, notable
    2 (calificación) mark equivalent to between 70% and 80% in the Spanish marking system
    * * *
    adj.
    notable, remarkable
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=destacado) notable

    una actuación verdaderamente notable — an outstanding performance, a truly notable performance

    la exposición reúne a pintores tan notables como... — the exhibition brings together such notable o distinguished painters as...

    2) (=considerable) [aumento, mejoría, diferencia] significant, considerable
    2.
    SM Esp (=calificación) mark or grade between 7 and 8 out of 10

    he sacado un notable — ≈ I got a B

    3.
    SMPL
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo notable
    II
    a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10
    b) ( persona importante) dignitary
    * * *
    = notable, noticeable, salient, striking, worthy, noteworthy, outstandingly + Adjetivo, noted, marked, acute, of note.
    Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex. The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex. There must be instructions explaining salient features of the index.
    Ex. A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.
    Ex. Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex. It essays simply to be a list of the more important, rare or otherwise noteworthy books available.
    Ex. It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).
    Ex. Planning began about 9 months before the exhibition, with the recruitment of a noted Swiss book illustrator to design the stand.
    Ex. It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.
    Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex. Another analytical study of note is the one for Columbia University Libraries.
    ----
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * incremento notable = rising tide.
    * notable por = noted for.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo notable
    II
    a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10
    b) ( persona importante) dignitary
    * * *
    = notable, noticeable, salient, striking, worthy, noteworthy, outstandingly + Adjetivo, noted, marked, acute, of note.

    Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.

    Ex: The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex: There must be instructions explaining salient features of the index.
    Ex: A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex: It essays simply to be a list of the more important, rare or otherwise noteworthy books available.
    Ex: It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).
    Ex: Planning began about 9 months before the exhibition, with the recruitment of a noted Swiss book illustrator to design the stand.
    Ex: It hardly needs to be said that the microcomputer is now a fact of life, but its impact upon the world of information retrieval and libraries generally has been less marked than in many other areas.
    Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex: Another analytical study of note is the one for Columbia University Libraries.
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * incremento notable = rising tide.
    * notable por = noted for.

    * * *
    notable
    una actuación notable an outstanding o a notable performance
    posee una notable inteligencia she is remarkably o extremely intelligent
    éste es uno de los rasgos más notables de su obra this is one of the most notable characteristics of his work
    una notable mejoría a marked o notable improvement
    uno de los estudios más notables sobre Cervantes one of the most notable o noteworthy studies on Cervantes
    1 ( Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10
    * * *

     

    notable adjetivo ‹diferencia/mejoría› notable;

    posee una notable inteligencia she is remarkably o extremely intelligent
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    a) (Educ) grade between 7 and 8.5 on a scale from 1 to 10


    notable
    I adj (cualidad, mérito) outstanding, remarkable
    (distancia, diferencia) noticeable
    II m Educ the grade of B: he conseguido un notable en geografía, I got a B in Geography
    ' notable' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acusada
    - acusado
    - deterioro
    - sensible
    - grande
    - notorio
    - relevante
    English:
    endurance
    - notable
    - noticeable
    - remarkable
    - credit
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    remarkable, outstanding;
    hay una notable diferencia entre las dos propuestas there's a significant o clear difference between the two proposals;
    es un violinista notable he's an outstanding violinist
    ♦ nm
    1. [nota] = mark between 7 and 8.9 out of 10, ≈ (pass with) credit, ≈ B
    2. [persona] dignitary
    * * *
    I adj remarkable, notable
    II m
    1 EDU B
    2
    :
    notables pl dignitaries
    * * *
    notable adj
    1) : notable, noteworthy
    2) : outstanding
    * * *
    notable1 adj considerable / remarkable
    notable2 n very good / B

    Spanish-English dictionary > notable

  • 7 fein

    I Adj.
    1. Linie, Faden etc.: fine, thin; feiner Regen (light) drizzle
    2. (zart) fine, delicate; (zierlich) graceful; ein feines Gesicht oder feine Züge haben have delicate ( oder finely etched) features; feines Stimmchen finely tuned voice
    3. Kamm, Sieb, Sand, Zucker etc.: fine; feines Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour
    4. (gering) fine, subtle; (kaum wahrnehmbar) faint, slight; (winzig) minute; feiner Unterschied der besteht: subtle difference
    5. (genau) accurate, precise; feiner Unterschied den man macht: fine ( oder subtle) distinction; feiner Beobachter keen ( oder shrewd) observer
    6. Sinne: keen, acute; Gespür: fine, sensitive; ein feines Gehör a keen ear; sie hat ein feines Auge / Ohr für she has a keen ( oder good) eye / ear for; feine Nase sensitive nose, keen ( oder good) sense of smell; fig. good nose; Gaumen
    7. Qualität: fine; (erlesen) choice; (tadellos) excellent; Gebäck: fancy; Porzellan: fine; Geruch, Geschmack etc.: exquisite, refined; die feine Küche haute cuisine; das Feinste vom Feinsten the very best, the best that money can buy; das ist Käse vom Feinsten this cheese is of the finest quality
    8. umg. (gut) fein! (o.k.) good!; (das ist toll) great!; fein, dass du da bist it’s great that you’re here; das ist schon eine feine Sache it’s really clever ( oder brilliant); das Feine daran ist... the great thing about it is that...
    9. Humor: subtle; Geschmack: refined, cultivated
    10. (vornehm) distinguished, refined; (elegant) elegant, smart; Restaurant etc.: fancy, posh; der feine Ton good form; die feinen Leute the upper classes, the top people, Brit. auch the nobs umg. altm.; ein feiner Herr iro. a (real) gent umg.; sich (Dat) für etw. zu fein sein think s.th. is beneath one; ich bin dir wohl nicht fein genug I’m not good enough for you, then, am I?; das ist aber nicht gerade die feine englische Art that’s not the proper way of doing things; sich fein machen get dressed up, dress up; put on one’s best clothes; du hast dich aber fein gemacht! you look very smart (Am. really sharp)
    11. umg. (anständig, nett) nice; er / sie ist ein feiner Kerl he’s a great fellow (Am. guy) / she’s really great; du bist mir ein feiner Freund! iro. a fine friend you are
    II Adv.
    1. finely; fein geschnitten finely cut ( oder sliced); Kräuter fein hacken chop herbs finely; fein gemahlenes Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour; fein poliert highly finished
    2. (gut) well, nicely; fein schmecken taste good ( stärker: delicious); das hast du fein gemacht! zum Kind: good boy ( oder girl); er ist fein (he) raus umg. he’s sitting pretty
    3. (sehr) really; fein säuberlich nice and neat
    4. (elegant) smartly
    5. (genau) precisely; Details fein herausarbeiten work out details meticulously, pay meticulous attention to detail
    6. (brav, schön) Kindern gegenüber: jetzt sitz mal fein still now sit nice and still; iss fein auf eat it all up, there’s a good boy / girl
    * * *
    nicely (Adv.);
    (dünn) tenuous (Adj.); delicate (Adj.); fine (Adj.);
    (erlesen) choice (Adj.);
    (genau) precise (Adj.); accurate (Adj.);
    (hübsch) nice (Adj.);
    (subtil) subtle (Adj.);
    (vornehm) refined (Adj.); gentlemanly (Adj.); gentlemanlike (Adj.);
    (zierlich) dainty (Adj.); graceful (Adj.)
    * * *
    [fain]
    1. adj
    1) (= nicht grob) fine; Humor, Ironie delicate; Unterschied subtle; (fig = listig) cunning
    2) (= erlesen) excellent, choice attr; Geruch, Geschmack delicate; Gold, Silber refined; Mensch, Charakter thoroughly nice; (= prima) great (inf), splendid, swell (esp US inf); (iro) fine

    ein féíner Kerl — a great guy (inf), a splendid person

    féín! — great! (inf), marvellous! (Brit), marvelous! (US)

    féín, dass... — great that... (inf), (I'm) so glad that...

    das ist nicht die féíne englische Art — that's not the proper way to go about things

    vom Feinsten sein — to be first-rate

    3) (= scharf) sensitive, keen; Gehör, Gefühl auch acute
    4) (= vornehm) refined, fine (esp iro), posh (inf)

    nicht féín genug sein — not to be good enough

    zu féín — that's beneath her

    2. adv
    1) (= nicht grob) gemahlen, gesponnen, schleifen, geädert finely

    ein féín gestreiftes Hemd — a shirt with very thin stripes

    sie hat ein féín geschnittenes Gesicht — she has fine features

    féín geschwungene Augenbrauen — finely arched eyebrows

    2)

    (= gut) féín säuberlich — (nice and) neat

    etw féín machen — to do sth beautifully

    das war von dir aber wieder féín bemerkt — you have such a nice way of putting things

    féín (he)raus sein — to be sitting pretty

    3)

    (= genau) etw féín einstellen — to adjust sth precisely

    4)

    (= elegant) er hat sich féín gemacht — he's dressed to kill (inf)

    sie hat sich féín gemacht — she's all dolled up (inf)

    du gehst jetzt féín nach Hause — now just you go straight home

    sei jetzt mal féín still — now keep nice and quiet or very very quiet

    * * *
    1) (made of small pieces, grains etc: fine sand; fine rain.) fine
    2) (slight; delicate: a fine balance; a fine distinction.) fine
    4) (able to do fine, accurate work: a delicate instrument.) delicate
    6) (very polite; well-mannered; elegant.) refined
    8) (faint or delicate in quality, and therefore difficult to describe or explain: There is a subtle difference between `unnecessary' and `not necessary'; a subtle flavour.) subtle
    * * *
    [ˈfain]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht grob) fine; (zart) delicate
    \feines Haar fine hair
    2. (vornehm) distinguished
    \feine Dame/ \feiner Herr a distinguished lady/gentleman
    \feiner Pinkel (pej fam) a person who gives himself airs BRIT
    sich dat für etw akk zu \fein sein sth is beneath one
    3. (von hoher Qualität) exquisite, excellent, choice
    das F\feinste vom F \feinen the best [of the best], the crème de la crème
    vom F\feinsten of the highest quality; (rein) pure
    aus \feinem Gold/Silber made out of pure gold/silver
    4. (fam: anständig) decent; (iron) fine iron
    du bist mir ja ein \feiner Freund! you're a fine friend! iron
    5. (scharf, feinsinnig) keen, acute, sensitive
    ein \feines Gehör haben to have an acute sense of hearing
    eine \feine Nase haben to have a very keen [or acute] sense of smell
    6. (dezent) delicate
    \feiner Humor delicate sense of humour [or AM -or]
    \feine Ironie subtle irony
    7. (fam: erfreulich) fine, super, perfect, great
    \fein! great!
    \fein, dass... it's great that...
    8.
    ▶ \fein heraus [o raus] sein (fam) to be in a nice position
    II. adv
    1. vor adj, adv (kindersprache: hübsch) nice and..., just childspeak
    seid \fein artig! just be good now!
    2. (genau) fine, precise
    \fein säuberlich accurate
    3. (zart, klein) finely
    \fein gemahlen fine-ground, finely ground
    sich akk \fein machen to dress up
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zart) fine < material, line, etc.>
    2) (feinkörnig) fine < sand, powder>; finely-ground < flour>; finely-granulated < sugar>

    etwas fein mahlen — grind something fine

    3) (hochwertig) high-quality <fruit, soap, etc.>; fine <silver, gold, etc.>; fancy <cakes, pastries, etc.>
    4) (ugs.): (erfreulich) great (coll.); marvellous
    5) (feingeschnitten) finely shaped, delicate <hands, features, etc.>
    6) (scharf, exakt) keen, sensitive < hearing>; keen < sense of smell>
    7) (ugs.): (anständig, nett) great (coll.), splendid < person>

    eine feine Verwandtschaft/Gesellschaft — (iron.) a fine or nice family/crowd

    8) (einfühlsam) delicate < sense of humour>; keen <sense, understanding>
    9) (gediegen, vornehm) refined < gentleman, lady>

    sich fein machen — (ugs.) dress up

    2.
    1)

    fein [he]raus sein — (ugs.) be sitting pretty (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (bekräftigend)
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. Linie, Faden etc: fine, thin;
    feiner Regen (light) drizzle
    2. (zart) fine, delicate; (zierlich) graceful;
    feine Züge haben have delicate ( oder finely etched) features;
    feines Stimmchen finely tuned voice
    3. Kamm, Sieb, Sand, Zucker etc: fine;
    feines Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour
    4. (gering) fine, subtle; (kaum wahrnehmbar) faint, slight; (winzig) minute;
    feiner Unterschied der besteht: subtle difference
    5. (genau) accurate, precise;
    feiner Unterschied den man macht: fine ( oder subtle) distinction;
    feiner Beobachter keen ( oder shrewd) observer
    6. Sinne: keen, acute; Gespür: fine, sensitive;
    ein feines Gehör a keen ear;
    sie hat ein feines Auge/Ohr für she has a keen ( oder good) eye/ear for;
    feine Nase sensitive nose, keen ( oder good) sense of smell; fig good nose; → Gaumen
    7. Qualität: fine; (erlesen) choice; (tadellos) excellent; Gebäck: fancy; Porzellan: fine; Geruch, Geschmack etc: exquisite, refined;
    die feine Küche haute cuisine;
    das Feinste vom Feinsten the very best, the best that money can buy;
    das ist Käse vom Feinsten this cheese is of the finest quality
    8. umg (gut)
    fein! (o.k.) good!; (das ist toll) great!;
    fein, dass du da bist it’s great that you’re here;
    das ist schon eine feine Sache it’s really clever ( oder brilliant);
    das Feine daran ist … the great thing about it is that …
    9. Humor: subtle; Geschmack: refined, cultivated
    10. (vornehm) distinguished, refined; (elegant) elegant, smart; Restaurant etc: fancy, posh;
    der feine Ton good form;
    die feinen Leute the upper classes, the top people, Br auch the nobs umg obs;
    ein feiner Herr iron a (real) gent umg;
    sich (dat)
    für etwas zu fein sein think sth is beneath one;
    ich bin dir wohl nicht fein genug I’m not good enough for you, then, am I?;
    das ist aber nicht gerade die feine englische Art that’s not the proper way of doing things;
    sich fein machen get dressed up, dress up; put on one’s best clothes;
    du hast dich aber fein gemacht! you look very smart (US really sharp)
    11. umg (anständig, nett) nice;
    er/sie ist ein feiner Kerl he’s a great fellow (US guy)/she’s really great;
    du bist mir ein feiner Freund! iron a fine friend you are
    B. adv
    1. finely;
    fein geschnitten finely cut ( oder sliced);
    Kräuter fein hacken chop herbs finely;
    fein gemahlenes Mehl finely ground ( oder fine-ground) flour;
    fein poliert highly finished
    2. (gut) well, nicely;
    fein schmecken taste good ( stärker: delicious);
    das hast du fein gemacht! zum Kind: good boy ( oder girl);
    er ist fein (he)raus umg he’s sitting pretty
    3. (sehr) really;
    fein säuberlich nice and neat
    4. (elegant) smartly
    5. (genau) precisely;
    Details fein herausarbeiten work out details meticulously, pay meticulous attention to detail
    6. (brav, schön) Kindern gegenüber:
    jetzt sitz mal fein still now sit nice and still;
    iss fein auf eat it all up, there’s a good boy/girl
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zart) fine <material, line, etc.>
    2) (feinkörnig) fine <sand, powder>; finely-ground < flour>; finely-granulated < sugar>
    3) (hochwertig) high-quality <fruit, soap, etc.>; fine <silver, gold, etc.>; fancy <cakes, pastries, etc.>
    4) (ugs.): (erfreulich) great (coll.); marvellous
    5) (feingeschnitten) finely shaped, delicate <hands, features, etc.>
    6) (scharf, exakt) keen, sensitive < hearing>; keen < sense of smell>
    7) (ugs.): (anständig, nett) great (coll.), splendid < person>

    eine feine Verwandtschaft/Gesellschaft — (iron.) a fine or nice family/crowd

    8) (einfühlsam) delicate < sense of humour>; keen <sense, understanding>
    9) (gediegen, vornehm) refined <gentleman, lady>

    sich fein machen — (ugs.) dress up

    2.
    1)

    fein [he]raus sein — (ugs.) be sitting pretty (coll.)

    2) (ugs.): (bekräftigend)
    * * *
    adj.
    fine adj.
    nice adj.
    pretty adj.
    subtle adj. adv.
    finely adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fein

  • 8 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 9 mejorar

    v.
    to improve, to get better.
    María mejoró la receta Mary improved the recipe.
    Ricardo mejoró Richard got better.
    Las perspectivas mejoraron The outlook got better.
    mejorar una oferta to make a better offer
    * * *
    1 to improve
    1 to improve, get better
    1 to get better
    ■ ¡que te mejores! I hope you get better
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ servicio, resultados] to improve; [+ enfermo] to make better; (=realzar) to enhance; [+ oferta] to raise, improve; [+ récord] to break; (Inform) to upgrade
    2)

    mejorar a algn — (=ser mejor que) to be better than sb

    2. VI
    1) [situación] to improve, get better; (Meteo) to improve, clear up; (Econ) to improve, pick up; [enfermo] to get better

    han mejorado de actitud/imagen — their attitude/image has improved

    2) [en subasta] to raise one's bid
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <condiciones/situación> to improve
    b) < oferta> ( en subastas) to increase
    2.
    mejorar vi tiempo to improve, get better; resultados/calidad/situación to improve, get better; persona (Med) to get better

    han mejorado de posición — they've come o gone up in the world

    3.
    mejorarse v pron
    a) enfermo to get better

    ¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? — have you got over the flu?

    que te mejores — get well soon, I hope you get better soon

    b) (Chi fam & euf) ( dar a luz) to give birth
    * * *
    = ameliorate, boost, cultivate, enhance, improve, optimise [optimize, -USA], scale up, score over, upgrade, give + improvement (in), better, bring + Nombre + up to par, get + better, gain + confidence (with/in), do + a better job, pump up, ease, outdo, jazz up, take + a turn, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better, turn + Nombre + (a)round, polish up, best, trump, buff up, go + one better, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, look up.
    Ex. These articles are compared with 34 articles on how similar blood changes might ameliorate Raynaud's disease.
    Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex. Such familiarity can be cultivated with experience, and will consider the following features of data bases.
    Ex. An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.
    Ex. Notice that it would be possible to improve recall indefinitely by scanning the entire document collection.
    Ex. The DOBIS/Leuven data bases is designed to optimize search and updating procedures, because these functions are critical to the operation of a library.
    Ex. After a brief discussion of basic hypertext operations, it considers some of the issues that arise in 'scaling up' hyptertext data base.
    Ex. A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex. Sometimes it will be necessary to upgrade CIP records once the book is published, and this process is undertaken by BLBSD as appropriate.
    Ex. There was, it appeared, little point in spending more than four minutes indexing a particular document, for the additional time gave no improvement in results.
    Ex. She thumbed the pages slowly, explaining that the study had been conducted to try to ascertain student attitudes toward the media center, why they used it, which facilities they used, and to see if they had suggestions for bettering it.
    Ex. The article ' Bringing your golf collection up to par' gives guidelines on selecting library materials on golf.
    Ex. Systems will get better and cheaper with the passage of time.
    Ex. This assignment was designed to help students gain confidence in using print and computerized sources.
    Ex. At the same time librarians need to do a better job communicating information about available research and instructional support.
    Ex. The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.
    Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex. This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.
    Ex. After jazzing up her appearance with a new blonde hairdo, she turns up in his office and talks him into taking her out for a meal.
    Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex. His private life, however, took a turn for the better.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. If we polish up and internalize these pearls of wisdom, especially those which challenge our existing boundaries and beliefs, the payoff can be priceless.
    Ex. Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.
    Ex. If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.
    Ex. As a general rule, you can ' buff up' your look by making your shoulders seem wider and your waist narrower.
    Ex. I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.
    Ex. Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.
    Ex. Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.
    Ex. There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.
    Ex. We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.
    Ex. David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.
    Ex. Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.
    Ex. After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.
    Ex. Things may be looking up for Blair, but it is still not certain that he will fight the election.
    ----
    * cosas + mejorar = things + get better.
    * empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.
    * información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.
    * mejorar con respecto a = be an improvement on.
    * mejorar considerablemente = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.
    * mejorar el pasado = improve on + the past.
    * mejorar la autoestima = improve + self-esteem.
    * mejorar la calidad = raise + standard, raise + quality.
    * mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.
    * mejorar la eficacia = enhance + effectiveness.
    * mejorar la exhaustividad = improve + recall.
    * mejorar la pertinencia = improve + precision.
    * mejorar la precisión = improve + precision.
    * mejorar la productividad = improve + productivity.
    * mejorar las destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.
    * mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.
    * mejorar la suerte = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + apariencia = smarten (up) + Posesivo + appearance.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + autoestima = enhance + Posesivo + self-esteem.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = enhance + Posesivo + identity.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + suerte = improve + Posesivo + lot.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.
    * mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.
    * que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.
    * situación + mejorar = situation + ease.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <condiciones/situación> to improve
    b) < oferta> ( en subastas) to increase
    2.
    mejorar vi tiempo to improve, get better; resultados/calidad/situación to improve, get better; persona (Med) to get better

    han mejorado de posición — they've come o gone up in the world

    3.
    mejorarse v pron
    a) enfermo to get better

    ¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? — have you got over the flu?

    que te mejores — get well soon, I hope you get better soon

    b) (Chi fam & euf) ( dar a luz) to give birth
    * * *
    = ameliorate, boost, cultivate, enhance, improve, optimise [optimize, -USA], scale up, score over, upgrade, give + improvement (in), better, bring + Nombre + up to par, get + better, gain + confidence (with/in), do + a better job, pump up, ease, outdo, jazz up, take + a turn, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better, turn + Nombre + (a)round, polish up, best, trump, buff up, go + one better, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, look up.

    Ex: These articles are compared with 34 articles on how similar blood changes might ameliorate Raynaud's disease.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: Such familiarity can be cultivated with experience, and will consider the following features of data bases.
    Ex: An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.
    Ex: Notice that it would be possible to improve recall indefinitely by scanning the entire document collection.
    Ex: The DOBIS/Leuven data bases is designed to optimize search and updating procedures, because these functions are critical to the operation of a library.
    Ex: After a brief discussion of basic hypertext operations, it considers some of the issues that arise in 'scaling up' hyptertext data base.
    Ex: A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex: Sometimes it will be necessary to upgrade CIP records once the book is published, and this process is undertaken by BLBSD as appropriate.
    Ex: There was, it appeared, little point in spending more than four minutes indexing a particular document, for the additional time gave no improvement in results.
    Ex: She thumbed the pages slowly, explaining that the study had been conducted to try to ascertain student attitudes toward the media center, why they used it, which facilities they used, and to see if they had suggestions for bettering it.
    Ex: The article ' Bringing your golf collection up to par' gives guidelines on selecting library materials on golf.
    Ex: Systems will get better and cheaper with the passage of time.
    Ex: This assignment was designed to help students gain confidence in using print and computerized sources.
    Ex: At the same time librarians need to do a better job communicating information about available research and instructional support.
    Ex: The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.
    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex: This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.
    Ex: After jazzing up her appearance with a new blonde hairdo, she turns up in his office and talks him into taking her out for a meal.
    Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex: His private life, however, took a turn for the better.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: If we polish up and internalize these pearls of wisdom, especially those which challenge our existing boundaries and beliefs, the payoff can be priceless.
    Ex: Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.
    Ex: If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.
    Ex: As a general rule, you can ' buff up' your look by making your shoulders seem wider and your waist narrower.
    Ex: I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.
    Ex: Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.
    Ex: Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.
    Ex: There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.
    Ex: We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.
    Ex: David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.
    Ex: Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.
    Ex: After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.
    Ex: Things may be looking up for Blair, but it is still not certain that he will fight the election.
    * cosas + mejorar = things + get better.
    * empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.
    * información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.
    * mejorar con respecto a = be an improvement on.
    * mejorar considerablemente = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.
    * mejorar el pasado = improve on + the past.
    * mejorar la autoestima = improve + self-esteem.
    * mejorar la calidad = raise + standard, raise + quality.
    * mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.
    * mejorar la eficacia = enhance + effectiveness.
    * mejorar la exhaustividad = improve + recall.
    * mejorar la pertinencia = improve + precision.
    * mejorar la precisión = improve + precision.
    * mejorar la productividad = improve + productivity.
    * mejorar las destrezas = sharpen + Posesivo + skills.
    * mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.
    * mejorar la suerte = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + apariencia = smarten (up) + Posesivo + appearance.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + autoestima = enhance + Posesivo + self-esteem.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = raise + Posesivo + profile, smarten up + Posesivo + image, enhance + Posesivo + image, buff up + Posesivo + image.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + imagen = enhance + Posesivo + identity.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + suerte = improve + Posesivo + lot.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.
    * mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.
    * que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.
    * situación + mejorar = situation + ease.

    * * *
    mejorar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹condiciones/situación› to improve
    este tratamiento te mejorará enseguida this treatment will make you better right away
    tienes que mejorar las notas/la letra you must improve your grades/your handwriting
    intentó mejorar su marca she tried to improve on o beat her own record
    2 ‹oferta› (en subastas) to increase
    los empresarios mejoraron la propuesta the management improved their offer o made a better offer
    ■ mejorar
    vi
    «tiempo» to improve, get better; «resultados/calidad» to improve, get better; «persona» ( Med) to get better
    mi situación económica no ha mejorado nada my financial situation hasn't improved at all o got any better
    ha mejorado de aspecto he looks a lot better
    tus notas no han mejorado mucho your grades haven't improved much o got(ten) any better
    han mejorado de posición they've come o gone up in the world
    el paciente sigue mejorando the patient is making a steady improvement
    1 «enfermo» to get better
    ¿ya te mejoraste de la gripe? have you got over the flu?
    que te mejores get well soon, I hope you get better soon
    2 ( Chi fam euf) (dar a luz) to give birth
    * * *

     

    mejorar ( conjugate mejorar) verbo transitivo ‹condiciones/situación/oferta› to improve;
    ‹ marca› to improve on, beat;

    verbo intransitivo [tiempo/calidad/situación] to improve, get better;

    [ persona] (Med) to get better;

    mejorarse verbo pronominal [ enfermo] to get better;
    que te mejores get well soon, I hope you get better soon
    mejorar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to improve: han mejorado la educación, education has been improved
    2 Dep (un tiempo, una marca) to break
    II verbo intransitivo to improve, get better: espero que el tiempo mejore, I hope the weather gets better
    su salud no mejora, his health is not improving

    ' mejorar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    enriquecer
    - ganar
    - perfeccionar
    - potenciar
    - refacción
    - superar
    English:
    ameliorate
    - better
    - existence
    - get along
    - improve
    - improve on
    - improvement
    - look up
    - pick up
    - progress
    - raise
    - security
    - technique
    - turn
    - upgrade
    - brighten
    - enhance
    - go
    - look
    - matter
    - out
    - perk
    - pick
    - rise
    - room
    - smarten up
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer mejor] to improve;
    mejoraron las condiciones de trabajo working conditions were improved;
    su principal objetivo es mejorar la economía their main aim is to improve the economy's performance
    2. [enfermo] to make better;
    estas pastillas lo mejorarán these tablets will make him better
    3. [superar] to improve;
    mejorar una oferta to make a better offer;
    mejoró el recórd mundial she beat the world record
    ♦ vi
    1. [ponerse mejor] to improve, to get better;
    el paciente está mejorando the patient's condition is improving, the patient is getting better;
    necesita mejorar en matemáticas he needs to improve o do better in mathematics
    2. [tiempo, clima] to improve, to get better;
    tan pronto como mejore, salimos a dar un paseo as soon as the weather improves o gets better we'll go out for a walk;
    después de la lluvia el día mejoró after the rain it cleared up
    * * *
    I v/t improve
    II v/i improve
    * * *
    : to improve, to make better
    : to improve, to get better
    * * *
    mejorar vb to improve

    Spanish-English dictionary > mejorar

  • 10 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

    [br]
    b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.
    [br]
    Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.
    With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
    In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.
    Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.
    Further Reading
    F.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

  • 11 Bury, Edward

    [br]
    b. 22 October 1794 Salford, Lancashire, England
    d. 25 November 1858 Scarborough, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English steam locomotive designer and builder.
    [br]
    Bury was the earliest engineer to build locomotives distinctively different from those developed by Robert Stephenson yet successful in mainline passenger service. A Liverpool sawmill owner, he set up as a locomotive manufacturer while the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway was under construction and, after experiments, completed the four-wheeled locomotive Liverpool in 1831. It included features that were to be typical of his designs: a firebox in the form of a vertical cylinder with a dome-shaped top and the front flattened to receive the tubes, and inside frames built up from wrought-iron bars. In 1838 Bury was appointed to supply and maintain the locomotives for the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR), then under construction by Robert Stephenson, on the grounds that the latter should not also provide its locomotives. For several years the L \& BR used Bury locomotives exclusively, and they were also used on several other early main lines. Following export to the USA, their bar frames became an enduring feature of locomotive design in that country. Bury claimed, with justification, that his locomotives were economical in maintenance and fuel: the shape of the firebox promoted rapid circulation of water. His locomotives were well built, but some of their features precluded enlargement of the design to produce more powerful locomotives and within a few years they were outclassed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1844.
    Bibliography
    1840, "On the locomotive engines of the London and Birmingham Railway", Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3 (4) (provides details of his locomotives and the thinking behind them).
    Further Reading
    C.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of'Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes Bury's early work).
    P.J.G.Ransom, 1990, The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann, pp. 167–8 and 174–6.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Bury, Edward

  • 12 НКУ распределения и управления

    1. switchgear/controlgear
    2. switchgear and controlgear
    3. switchboard
    4. PSC-assembly
    5. power switchgear and controlgear assembly
    6. panel
    7. LV switchgear assembly
    8. LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
    9. low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    10. low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    11. low voltage switchboard
    12. low voltage controlgear and assembly
    13. electrical switchboard
    14. assembly

     

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
    Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
    Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
    Примечания
    1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
    2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
    3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

    EN

    power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
    [IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

    switchgear and controlgear
    a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
    [IEV number 441-11-01]

    switchgear and controlgear
    electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
    NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    switchboard
    A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
    [ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

    switchboard
    One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
    [ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    appareillage, m
    matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
    NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    appareillage
    terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
    [IEV number 441-11-01]


    A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
    Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
    The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
    1. Live-front vertical panels
    2. Dead-front boards
    3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

    [American electricians’ handbook]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

    Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

    The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

    It specifies in particular:

    > the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

    > the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

    All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

    Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

    A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

    Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

    What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
    [Schneider Electric]

    НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

    Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

    Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

    В частности, он определяет:

    > распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

    > конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

    В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

    Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

    Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

    Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

    Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

    The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

    In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

    Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

    The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
    [ABB]

    Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

    Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

    Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

    Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

    Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    Классификация

    >>>

    Действия

    Синонимы

    Сопутствующие термины

    EN

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    • Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > НКУ распределения и управления

  • 13 отличаться

    •

    Titanium is noted for its light weight, corrosion resistance, and many other desirable properties.

    •

    The surfaces are characterized by their smooth appearance.

    •

    Aluminium is distinguished for its light weight.

    •

    This bearing excels in low friction and reliability.

    •

    The capacitor features extraordinary stability.

    •

    The gearboxes are noteworthy for small size and ease in mounting.

    •

    Fraunhofer diffraction is distinguished by the simplicity of the mathematical treatment required.

    II
    •

    These isomeric structures differ in the position of the methyl group attached to the five-carbon chain.

    •

    Sand storms differ by the large mass, and by the stronger transporting winds required.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отличаться

  • 14 Brown, Joseph Rogers

    [br]
    b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA
    [br]
    American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.
    [br]
    Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.
    J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.
    In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    ——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Brown, Joseph Rogers

  • 15 Maybach, Wilhelm

    [br]
    b. 9 February 1846 Heilbronn, Württemberg, Germany
    d. 14 December 1929 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer and engine designer, inventor of the spray carburettor.
    [br]
    Orphaned at the age of 10, Maybach was destined to become one of the world's most renowned engine designers. From 1868 he was apprenticed as a draughtsman at the Briiderhaus Engineering Works in Reurlingen, where his talents were recognized by Gottlieb Daimler, who was Manager and Technical Director. Nikolaus Otto had by then developed his atmospheric engine and reorganized his company, Otto \& Langen, into Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz, of which he appointed Daimler Manager. After employment at a machine builders in Karlsruhe, in 1872 Maybach followed Daimler to Deutz where he worked as a partner on the design of high-speed engines: his engines ran at up to 900 rpm, some three times as fast as conventional engines of the time. Maybach made improvements to the timing, carburation and other features. In 1881 Daimler left the Deutz Company and set up on his own as a freelance inventor, moving with his family to Bad Cannstatt; in April 1882 Maybach joined him as Engineer and Designer to set up a partnership to develop lightweight high-speed engines suitable for vehicles. A motor cycle appeared in 1885 and a modified horse-drawn carriage was fitted with a Maybach engine in 1886. Other applications to small boats, fire-engine pumps and small locomotives quickly followed, and the Vee engine of 1890 that was fitted into the French Peugeot automobiles had a profound effect upon the new sport of motor racing. In 1895 Daimler won the first international motor race and the same year Maybach became Technical Director of the Daimler firm. In 1899 Emil Jellinek, Daimler agent in France and also Austro-Hungarian consul, required a car to compete with Panhard and Levassor, who had been victorious in the Paris-Bordeaux race; he wanted more power and a lower centre of gravity, and turned to Maybach with his requirements, the 35 hp Daimler- Simplex of 1901 being the outcome. Its performance and road holding superseded those of all others at the time; it was so successful that Jellinek immediately placed an order for thirty-six cars. His daughter's name was Mercedes, after whom, when the merger of Daimler and Benz came about, the name Mercedes-Benz was adopted.
    In his later years, Maybach designed the engine for the Zeppelin airships. He retired from the Daimler Company in 1907.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Society of German Engineers Grashof Medal (its highest honour). In addition to numerous medals and titles from technical institutions, Maybach was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Stuttgart Institute of Technology.
    Further Reading
    F.Schidberger, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Karl Benz, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.
    1961, The Annals of Mercedes-Benz Motor Vehicles and Engines, 2nd edn, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.
    E.Johnson, 1986, The Dawn of Motoring.
    KAB / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Maybach, Wilhelm

  • 16 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 January 1888 London, England
    d. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.
    Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.
    In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.
    The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.
    Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1953. CBE 1918.
    Bibliography
    1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).
    Further Reading
    A.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.
    B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

  • 17 стажировать

    to train

    Для улучшения дизайна газеты за счет средств фирмы будет проведен тренинг со специалистами редакционного персонала, а для ознакомления с особенностями верстки газеты будет организована их стажировка в редакциях близлежащих (географически) независимых газет. — For advancing the newspaper’s design, the company will use its own resources for training the newspaper’s staff specialists and, for their familiarization with the features of making-up of newspapers, they will be trained at the geographically nearest independent newspapers.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > стажировать

  • 18 стажировка

    training

    Для улучшения дизайна газеты за счет средств фирмы будет проведен тренинг со специалистами редакционного персонала, а для ознакомления с особенностями верстки газеты будет организована их стажировка в редакциях близлежащих (географически) независимых газет. — For advancing the newspaper’s design, the company will use its own resources for training the newspaper’s staff specialists and, for their familiarization with the features of making-up of newspapers, they will be trained at the geographically nearest independent newspapers.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > стажировка

  • 19 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

    [br]
    b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
    d. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France
    [br]
    Swiss/French architect.
    [br]
    The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.
    Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.
    One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.
    Bibliography
    His chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.
    1935, La Ville radieuse.
    1946, Propos d'urbanisme.
    1950, Le Modular.
    Further Reading
    P.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.
    W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.
    ——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

  • 20 Otis, Elijah Graves

    [br]
    b. 3 August 1811 Halifax, Vermont, USA
    d. 8 April 1861 Yonkers, New York, USA
    [br]
    American mechanic and inventor of the safety passenger elevator.
    [br]
    Otis was educated in public schools and worked in a variety of jobs in the trucking and construction industries as well as in a machine shop, a carriage makers, a grist mill, and a saw mill and in a bedstead factory. It was when supervisor of construction of a new bedstead factory at Yonkers in 1852 that he developed the innovative safety features of an elevator that was to be the foundation of his later success. If the ropes or cables of a hoist should break, springs would force pawls on the lift cage to engage the ratcheted guide rails fitted into the sides of the shaft and so stop the lift. In 1853 he was planning to leave his job to join the California Gold Rush but representatives of two New York City firms who had seen his Safety Elevator and were impressed with the safety devices requested that he make them replicas. He purchased space in the Yonkers plant and began manufacture of the lifts. Demand was small at first until in 1854 he exhibited at the American Institute Fair in New York City with an impressive performance. Standing on top of the lift cage, he ordered the rope supporting it to be cut. The safety pawls engaged and the cage stopped its downward movement. From then on orders gradually increased and in 1857 he installed the first safety lift for passengers in the Haughtwout Store in New York City. The invention immediately became popular and started a revolution in architecture and the construction industry, leading to the design and building of skyscrapers, as previously buildings were limited to six or seven storeys, because of the stairs people had to climb. Otis patented several other devices, the most important of which was for a steam elevator which established the future of the Otis Elevator Company. He died at Yonkers in 1861, leaving his business to his sons.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Scribner's and Webster's Dictionaries of Biography.
    IMcN / DY

    Biographical history of technology > Otis, Elijah Graves

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